Electronics Engineering Articles:
This Electronics Engineering Articles which includes the following topics:
- Gate Turn Off Thyristor (GTO) – Symbol, Operations and Applications
- Types of Power Supply in Electronics
- What is Voltage and Current?
- What is Active Components and Passive Components?
- What is Resistor in Electronics?
- What is Inductor in Electronics?
- What is Capacitor in Electronics?
- Zero Reference Level in Electronics Engineering
- Single Mesh and Multi Mesh Network
- Rutherford Nuclear Model of Atomic Structure
- Motion of Charged Particle in Electric Field
- What is Electron Volt?
- What is Current Density?
- Two Dimensional Motion in a Uniform Electric Field
- Force in a Magnetic Field
- Motion of an Electron in a Magnetic Field
- Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
- Explain Bohr’s Atomic Model
- Electron Orbits and Energy Levels
- What is Electron Emission?
- What is Thermionic Emission?
- What is Secondary Emission?
- Field Emission or Cold Cathode Emission
- What is Photoelectric Emission and Laws of Photoelectric Emission?
- What is Cathode or Emitter and Types of Cathode?
- What is Vacuum Diode, Construction, Working and Applications
- Vacuum Triode, Construction and Working
- Construction of Vacuum Tetrode, Working and Applications
- Construction and Working of Vacuum Pentode
- Classification of Gas Filled Tubes
- Explain Conduction in Gas
- Explain Cold Cathode Gas Filled Diode
- Construction of Phanotron
- Thyratron Working Principle
- Elemental Semiconductor Materials
- Compound Semiconductor Materials
- What is Crystalline Structure?
- Energy Band Theory of Crystals
- Energy Band Diagram of Semiconductors, Insulators and Metals
- Drift Current and Diffusion Current in Semiconductor
- What is Atomic Bonds and Types?
- Fermi Dirac Function in Semiconductor
- What is Intrinsic Semiconductor?
- What is Extrinsic Semiconductor?
- Mass Action Law in Semiconductor
- Charge Densities in Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Relaxation Time, Collision Time and Mean Free Path
- Explain Conductivity of Metals
- Explain Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors
- Carrier Concentration in Intrinsic Semiconductor
- Fermi Level in Extrinsic Semiconductor
- Carrier Lifetime in Semiconductor
- Continuity Equation in Semiconductor
- What is Hall Effect in Semiconductor?
- Basic Structure of PN Junction in Semiconductor
- Equilibrium Conditions in Semiconductor Physics
- Charge Neutrality Equation in Semiconductor
- Space Charge Region at a Junction
- Zero bias PN junction
- Metal Semiconductor Junctions
- Explain Steady State Conditions in Semiconductor
- Diode Failure Modes and Causes
- Breakdown Voltage of PN Junction Diode
- What is an Ideal Diode – Working and its V-I Characteristics
- Current Components in PN Junction Diode
- Quantitative Theory of PN Junction Diode
- Terminal Characteristics of Junction Diodes
- Determination of Diode Characteristics
- Effect of temperature on PN diode characteristics
- What is Diode Resistance?
- What is Real Diode?
- Up Down Circuit Analysis
- Series Diode Configurations with DC Inputs
- Diode as a Circuit Element
- Transition and Diffusion Capacitance
- Equivalent Circuit of a Diode
- PN Diode Switching Times
- Switching Diode in Electronics
- PN Junction Diode Applications
- Construction and Working of Zener Diode
- Zener Diode Application
- Tunnel Diode Construction and Working
- Point Contact Diode Construction and Working
- What is Step Recovery Diode? – Working and Applications
- Fast Recovery Diode (FRD)
- What is Schottky Diode? – Definition, Symbols and Construction
- What is Backward Diode?
- Power Diode – Structure, Symbol, Characteristics and Types
- Varistors or Voltage Dependent Resistors (VDRS)
- What is a thermistor? – Definition, Symbol and V-I Characteristics
- Baritt diode – Working and Applications
- What is Surge Current? – Definition and Workings
- What is Bleeder Resistor? – Working and Its Functions
- Voltage Multipliers – Voltage Doublers, Triplers and Quadruplers
- Three Phase Rectifiers
- Transistor Construction
- Transistor Terminals (Emitter, Collector and Base)
- Transistor Action : Operation of PNP Transistor
- What is Transistor Biasing? – Types of Biasing
- Important Points Regarding Working of Transistors
- Explain Transistor Current Components
- Current Amplification Factor
- Base Spreading Resistance
- Ebers Moll Model for PNP Transistor
- Transistor Circuit Configurations (CB, CE, CC)
- Early Effect and Base Width Modulation
- Transistor as an Amplifier – Circuit Diagram and Its Workings
- Transistor Load Line Analysis (DC and AC Load Line and Q Point)
- Transistor Lead Identification and Testing
- How to use a Transistor as a Diode – Working and Equation
- What is Thermal Runaway and Heat Sink?
- Transistor approximation (Ideal, Second and Higher)
- DC Equivalent Circuit of Transistor
- What is BJT Beta Rule?
- Leakage Current in a Transistor and Breakdown Voltage
- Hybrid Parameters of Transistor or h Parameters and Hybrid Model
- Transistor Hybrid Model
- Experimental Determination of Hybrid Parameters
- Determination of h Parameters from Static Characteristics
- Variations of Hybrid Parameters of a Transistor
- Conversion of Hybrid Parameters in Transistor Three Configurations
- Block Diagram of a General Purpose CRO and its workings
- What is Focusing Device in Cathode Ray Oscilloscope and why it is required?
- Basic Controls of CRO
- Display of Electrical signals by Oscilloscope
- Basic Oscilloscope Patterns
- Analog Storage Oscilloscope Block Diagram and Its Workings
- What is a Digital Integrated Circuit?
- What is Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL) Circuit?
- What is Diode Transistor Logic (DTL) Circuit?
- What is Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) Circuit?
- What is Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) Circuit?
- Integrated Injection Logic (IIL) Circuit
- What is Tristate Logic or Three State Logic Circuit?
- TTL Characteristics and other TTL Series
- Comparison of Logic Families
- Decimal Number System (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
- Binary Number System (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
- Signed Binary Numbers (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
- What is Double Precision System?
- What is a Floating Point Number?
- Octal Number System (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
- Hexadecimal Number System (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
- What is Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Code?
- What is Excess-3 Code? (Definition and Examples)
- What is Gray code? (Definition, Conversions & Examples)
- What is Alphanumeric Codes? – ASCII code, EBCDIC Code
- Regulated and Unregulated Power Supply
- Characteristics of Regulated Power Supply
- Series Voltage Regulator – Block Diagram and Working Principle
- Transistor Series Voltage Regulator or Emitter Follower Voltage Regulator
- Controlled Transistor Series Regulator or Negative Feedback Regulator
- Controlled Transistor Series Regulator with Short Circuit Protection
- Shunt Voltage Regulator Block Diagram
- Op Amp Regulators
- IC Voltage Regulators
- Three Terminal IC Voltage Regulators – Block Diagram
- Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators
- Fixed Negative Voltage Regulator
- Adjustable Voltage Regulators
- LM340 Series Voltage Regulator
- What is Current Limiting Protection?
- What is Current Foldback?
- What is Current Boosting in Voltage Regulator?
- What is Dual Power Supply? -Circuit Diagram and its Workings
- Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) or Switching Regulators
- Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) – Construction and Working Principle
- Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) – Block Diagram and its Workings
- Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)
- OTA Voltage Amplifier Circuit Diagram
- OTA as Programmable Resistor, Grounded Resistor and Floating Resistor
- OTA Adder (Summer) and OTA Lossy Integrator
- OTA Based Ground Inductor and Floating Inductor
- OTA in Sample and Hold Circuits
- What is Current Conveyors (CCs)?
- What is Clipper Circuit? – Definition and Classification
- Diode Clipping Circuit – Types and Applications
- Transistor Clipper Circuit and Waveforms
- Emitter Coupled Clipper Circuit
- What is Comparator in Electronics? – Classification and Applications
- Diode Clamping Circuit – Positive and Negative Clamping
- Clamping Circuit Theorem
- Peak to Peak Detector – Working Principle and Applications
- Time Base Generator – Working Principle and Types
- Methods of Sweep Voltage Generation
- Sawtooth Voltage Generator Circuit Diagram and Waveforms
- Miller Sweep Circuit and Miller Bootstrap Sweep Circuit
- Transistor Current Sweep Circuit
- Sweep Frequency Generator – Block Diagram and its Workings
- Classification of Pulse Signals
- Pulse Characteristics and Terminology
- What is Waveshaping? – Types
- Shifted Unit Step Function
- What is Optoelectronic Devices?
- What is Photoelectric Effect?
- What is Wave Particle Duality?
- Optical Absorption in Electronics
- Photon Absorption Coefficient
- Luminescence – Definition and Types
- Photoconductivity – Definition, Working and its Applications
- Photodetectors – Definition and Applications
- Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) – Definition, Construction, Workings and Applications
- Pin Photodiode – Definition, Working and Applications
- Avalanche Photodiode – Definition, Basic Structure and Workings
- Photoemissive cells or Tubes – Working Principle and Types
- IR Emitters or Infrared-emitting diodes
- Light Emitting Materials
- Heterojunction Lasers – Definition, Construction and Workings
- Cold Cathode Display or Nixie Tube – Operation and Characteristics
- Visual Display Units (VDUs)
- What is Analog Signal and Digital Signal?
- Basic Elements of Digital Communication System
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Communication
- Digital Modulation Techniques
- Monochrome TV Transmitter – Block Diagram and its Workings
- Facsimile (FAX) Machine – Definition, Operation and Applications
- Types of Sampling Techniques
- What is Oscillator? – Types of Oscillators
- Operation of Oscillator Circuit
- What are the Essential Components of an Oscillator?
- Frequency Stability of Oscillator
- Types of Transistor Oscillators
- LC Oscillator Circuit – Definition, Types and Equation
- Tuned Collector Oscillator – Definition, Working and Equation
- Tuned Drain Oscillator – Circuit Diagram and Equation
- Tuned Base Oscillator – Definition and Working Principle
- Franklin Oscillator Circuit Diagram
- Colpitts Oscillator using Transistor Circuit
- Clapp Oscillator – Circuit Diagram and Operation
- Hartley Oscillator using Transistor Analysis
- Crystal Oscillators – Circuit, Working, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Negative Resistance Oscillators – Working and Types
- Selection of Oscillator
- Selection of Operating Point in Transistor Biasing
- Bias Stability Factor of Transistor
- Fixed Bias Circuit Diagram – Advantages and Disadvantages
- Simple Biasing Circuit Diagram
- Emitter Bias Circuit Diagram
- Self Bias or Potential Divider Bias Circuit
- Base Bias with Collector Feedback Circuit
- Base Bias Circuit With Collector and Emitter Feedback
- Two Supply Emitter Bias Circuit
- Various Bias Compensation Methods
- Thermal Resistance – Definition, Circuit Diagram and Equation
- Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) – Construction, Symbols and Operation
- Advantages and Disadvantages of JFET
- FET Configurations
- JFET Temperature Effects
- JFET as an Amplifier
- Parameters of JFET
- DC Load Line and Bias Point of FET Circuit.
- FET Biasing Methods – Fixed Bias, Self Bias, Potential Divider Bias and Current Source Bias
- Small Signal Model of FET
- Common Source JFET Amplifier with AC Equivalent Circuit
- Common Drain JFET Amplifier or Source Follower
- Common Gate JFET Amplifier and its AC Equivalent Circuit
- Generalized FET Amplifier Circuit
- Applications of FETs (Field Effect Transistors)
- FET as a Voltage Variable Resistor (VVR)
- Metal Insulator Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MISFETs)
- Depletion Type MOSFET – Construction, Operation and Characteristics
- Small Signal Model of MOSFET
- Enhancement Type MOSFET – Construction, Operation and Characteristics
- What is MOSFET Resistor?
- What is MOS Capacitor?
- Dual Gate MOSFET – N Channel Depletion Type MOSFET
- N Channel Power MOSFETs or V-MOSFET or V-FET
- Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
- What is MOSFET Handling?
- What is Single Stage Transistor Amplifier? – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
- Phase Reversal in Single Stage Transistor Amplifier
- Classification of Amplifiers
- Explain Distortion in Amplifier? | Types of Amplifier Distortion
- Noise in Amplifiers and its Types
- What is Frequency Response of an Amplifier?
- Millers Theorem and its Equivalent Circuit
- Low Frequency Response of BJT Amplifier
- Low Frequency Response of FET Amplifier
- Effect of Internal Transistor Capacitance
- Miller Effect in Amplifier Frequency Response
- What is Multistage Amplifier? – Types, Block Diagram and Analysis
- n Stage Cascaded Amplifier
- Frequency Response of RC Coupled Amplifier
- Step Response of an Amplifier
- RC Coupled Transistor Amplifier – Operations, Derivation and Applications
- What is Low Frequency Compensation?
- Transformer Coupled Transistor Amplifier – Working Principle
- Impedance Coupled Transistor Amplifier
- Direct Coupled Transistor Amplifier – Operations and Equivalent Circuit
- Cascaded FET Amplifier Circuit Diagram
- Cascode Amplifier or CE-CB Configuration
- Classification of Power Amplifiers
- Various Stages in a Practical Power Amplifier and Block Diagram
- Class A Power Amplifiers (Direct Coupled with Resistive Load)
- Transformer Coupled Class A Power Amplifier
- Class B Power Amplifier – Operation and Efficiency derivation
- Harmonic Distortion in Power Amplifier – Waveform and Derivation
- Class C Power Amplifiers – Circuit Diagram, Operation and Applications
- Class AB Power Amplifier Working Principle
- Class D Power Amplifiers – Circuit Diagram, Operation and Applications
- Push Pull Amplifier – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
- Class A Push Pull Amplifier – Working Principle, Advantages & Disadvantages
- Class B Push Pull Amplifier – Circuit Diagram, Operation and Derivation
- What is Crossover Distortion and how to eliminate it?
- Class AB Push Pull Amplifier – Circuit Diagram, Operation and Drawbacks
- Phase Splitter Circuit for Push Pull Power Amplifiers (or Phase Inverter)
- Complementary Symmetry Push Pull Amplifier
- Quasi Complementary Push Pull Amplifier
- Tuned Amplifiers – Definition, Classification and Advantages
- Single Tuned Amplifier – Circuit Operation and Limitations
- Fet Tuned Amplifier – Circuit Diagram and Frequency Response
- Double Tuned Amplifier – Circuit Diagram and Operation
- Large Signal Tuned Amplifier – Operation and its Equivalent Circuit
- Stagger Tuned Amplifier – Circuit diagram and its Workings
- Voltage Amplifier – Definition and Equivalent Circuit
- Current Amplifier – Definition and Equivalent Circuit
- Transconductance Amplifier – Definition and Equivalent Circuit
- Transresistance Amplifier – Definition and Equivalent Circuit
- Feedback Amplifier – Block Diagram, Definition, Operation and Types
- Advantages of Negative Feedback Amplifier
- Characteristics of Negative Feedback Amplifiers
- Effect of Negative Feedback on Input Impedance
- Effect of Negative Feedback on Output Impedance
- Effect of Negative Feedback on Bandwidth
- Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier Circuit
- Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier Circuit
- Current Series Feedback Amplifier Circuit
- Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier Circuit
- Emitter Follower Circuit – Operation, Advantages and Applications
- Emitter Follower at High Frequencies
- Darlington Amplifier – Circuit Diagram, Characteristics, Merits and Applications
- Darlington Pair Transistor – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
- Bootstrapped Darlington Circuit Operation and its Equivalent Circuit
- Feedback Pair Connection – Operation and its Equivalent Circuit
- Dual Input Balanced Output Differential Amplifier
- Dual Input Unbalanced Output Differential Amplifier
- Single Input Balanced Output Differential Amplifier
- Single Input Unbalanced Output Differential Amplifier
- Swamping Resistor in Differential Amplifier
- Constant Current Source in Differential Amplifier
- Constant Current Bias in Differential Amplifier
- What is Current Mirror? – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
- Cascaded Differential Amplifier Working Principle
- JFET Differential Amplifier – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
- Voltage Level Translator (Level Shifter)
- Output Stage of an Op Amp and its Voltage Transfer Characteristics
- Basic Block Diagram of Communication System
- Classification of Communication
- Modulation – Definition, Types and Need for Modulation
- Signal Definition and Classification of Signals
- Types of Amplitude Modulation (AM)
- Vestigial Sideband Modulation System (VSB)
- Block Diagram of AM Transmitter
- Collector Modulation Circuit – Working, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Base Modulation Circuit Working Principle
- Emitter Modulation – Circuit Diagram and its Operation
- Square Law Diode Modulator – Circuit Diagram and its V-I Characteristics
- Generation of DSBSC Signal using Balanced and Ring Modulator
- Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)
- What is Demodulation or Detection? – Need of demodulation
- Amplitude Detection Process
- Square Law Detector Circuit and Working Principle
- Linear Diode Detector or Envelope Detector
- Transistor Detector Circuit Working Principle
- Simple Slope Detector – Circuit diagram and its Characteristics
- Balanced Slope Detector – Working, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Foster Seeley Detector – Circuit Diagram, Working and its Phasor Diagram
- Radio Communication System – Block Diagram and types
- Satellite Communication System – Definition, Block Diagram, Advantages and Disadvantages
- Active and Passive Satellite
- Digital Satellite Communication – Definition and Advantages
- Cellular Mobile Radio System – Structure and its Workings
- Operation and Power Control of Cellular Systems
- What is Thyristor? – Thyristor Family and its Applications
- SCR as Half Wave Rectifier Circuit Diagram
- SCR as Full Wave Rectifier Circuit Diagram
- What is DIAC? – Symbol, Construction, Operation and Applications
- Shockley Diode Equation, Symbol, Operation and Applications
- Gate Controlled Switch (GCS) Circuit – Operation and Advantages
- Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS) – Symbol, Operation, Advantages and Application
- Light Activated SCR (LASCR) – Symbol, Construction and Operation
- Power BJT – Construction, Operation and its Characteristics
- UJT Triggering of SCR Working Principle
- UJT Relaxation Oscillator – Circuit Diagram and its Workings
- UJT as Over Voltage Detector Circuit Diagram
- What is a Power Converter?
- Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load and Inductive Load
- Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier (or Converter)
- Single Phase Dual Converter Circuit Diagram with Four Quadrant of Operation
- Three Phase Converter Circuit
- Step up Chopper – Definition, Circuit Diagram and its Working Principle
- Step up Step down Chopper or Buck Boost Converter – Working Principle
- Step Down Chopper with RLE Load Working Principle
- AC Regulator – Definition and Classification
- Three Phase Cycloconverter – Types, Working and Applications
- Inverter – Definition and Classification of Inverters
- Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter
- High Pass RC Circuit Diagram, Derivation and Application
- RC High Pass Circuit as Differentiator
- Low Pass RC Circuit Diagram, Derivation and Application
- RC Integrator Circuit Diagram and its Application
- Double Differentiation – Derivation
- What is Switching Circuit?
- Transistor as a Switch Circuit Diagram and Working
- Switching Characteristics of Power MOSFET
- Multivibrator definition and Types (Astable, Monostable and Bistable)
- Astable Multivibrator Definition and its Working
- Monostable Multivibrator – Operation, Types and Application
- Bistable Multivibrator – Working and Types
- Commutating Capacitor in Bistable Multivibrator or Speed up Capacitor
- Triggering in Digital Electronics | Types
- Blocking Oscillator – Definition, Operation and Types
- Op Amp IC 741 Pin Diagram and its Working
- CMRR of Op Amp Formula (Common Mode Rejection Ratio)
- Op Amp Differential Amplifier Circuit Diagram and its Operation
- Differential Amplifier with two Op Amps
- Differential Amplifier With Three OP Amp
- Differential Input and Differential Output Amplifier
- Single Stage Amplifier Frequency Response and Phase Response Curves
- Compensating Network in Op Amp
- Frequency Response of Common Mode Gain of Differential Amplifier
- Summing, Scaling and Averaging Amplifier
- Voltage to Current Converter Circuit
- Current to Voltage Converter Circuit
- Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) Circuit
- Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS) Circuit
- Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS) Circuit
- Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS) Circuit