Equipments in Transformer Substation: The Equipments in Transformer Substation depends upon the type of sub-station, service requirement and the degree of protection desired. However, in general, the Equipments in Transformer Substation are : 1. Bus-bars: When a number of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus-bars are used as the […]
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Transformer Substation: The majority of the sub-stations in the power system are concerned with the changing of voltage level of electric supply. These are known as Transformer Substation because transformer is the main component employed to change the voltage level. Depending upon the purpose served, Transformer Substation may be classified into : Step-up sub-station Primary
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Substation: The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristic (e.g. voltage, ac. to dc., frequency, p.f. etc.) of electric supply is called a Substation. Sub-stations are important part of power system. The continuity of supply depends to a considerable extent upon the successful operation of sub-stations. It is, therefore, essential to exercise utmost care
Types of Surge Absorber: The travelling waves set up on the transmission lines by the surges may reach the terminals apparatus and cause damage to it. The amount of damage caused not only depends upon the amplitude of the surge but also upon the steepness of its wave front. The steeper the wave front of
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Surge Diverter | Lightning Arrester Types: The earthing screen and ground wires can well protect the electrical system against direct lightning strokes but they fail to provide protection against travelling waves which may reach the terminal apparatus. The Lightning Arresters or surge diverter provide protection against such surges. A lightning arresters or a surge diverter
Types of Lightning Strikes: There are two Types of Lightning Strikes may strike the power system (e.g. overhead lines, towers, sub-stations etc.), namely; Direct stroke Indirect stroke 1. Direct stroke: In the direct stroke, the lightning discharge (i.e. current path) is directly from the cloud to the subject equipment e.g. an overhead line. From the
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Lightning: An electric discharge between cloud and earth, between clouds or between the charge centres of the same cloud is known as lightning. Lightning is a huge spark and takes place when clouds are charged to such a high potential (+ ve or – ve) with respect to earth or a neighbouring cloud that the
Voltage Surge or Transient Voltage: A sudden rise in voltage for a very short duration on the power system is known as a Voltage Surge or Transient Voltage. Transients or surges are of temporary nature and exist for a very short duration (a few hundred μs) but they cause over Voltage Surge on the power
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Distance Protection: Both time-graded and pilot-wire system are not suitable for the protection of very long high voltage transmission lines. The former gives an unduly long time delay in fault clearance at the generating station end when there are more than four or five sections and the pilot-wire system becomes too expensive owing to the
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Differential Pilot Wire Protection: The Differential Pilot Wire Protection is based on the principle that under normal conditions, the current entering one end of a line is equal to that leaving the other end. As soon as a fault occurs between the two ends, this condition no longer holds and the difference of incoming and
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