Crystal Oscillators - Circuit, Working, Advantages and Disadvantages: In crystal oscillators, the usual electrical resonant circuit is replaced by a mechanically vibrating crystal. The crystal (usually quartz) has a high degree of stability in holding…
Crystal Equivalent Circuit: Crystal Equivalent Circuit - The output frequency of oscillator circuits is normally not as stable as required for a great many applications. The component values all have tolerances, so that the actual…
Cryogenically Cooled Amplifiers: The term solid-state is used deliberately here; it does not mean "semiconductor." In terms of the somewhat older maser parlance, it means the opposite of gaseous, i.e., ruby. The cross section of…
CRT Features: CRT Features - Electrostatic CRTs are available in a number of types and sizes to suit individual requirements. The important features of these tubes are as follows. 1. Size Size refers to the…
Crossed Field Amplifier: The Crossed Field Amplifier is a microwave power amplifier based on the magnetron and looking very much like it. It is a cross between the TWT and the magnetron in its operation.…
Crawling and Cogging in Induction Motor: Crawling and Cogging in Induction Motor - A squirrel-cage rotor may exhibit a peculiar behavior in starting for certain relationships between the number of poles and the stator and…
Cranes and Hoist Drives: The Requirements of the Cranes and Hoist Drives are The motion of the crane hook is in all three dimensions. In crane drives, the acceleration and retardation must be uniform. This…
Cramer Rule: If the network is complex, the number of equations i.e. unknowns increases. In such case, the solution of simultaneous equations can be obtained by Cramer Rule for determinants. Let us say that set…
Coupling Capacitors: Coupling Capacitors are required at a circuit input to couple a signal source to the circuit without affecting the bias conditions. Similarly, loads are capacitor-coupled to the circuit output to avoid the change…
Coupling and Bypassing Capacitors: Coupling Capacitors - To use a transistor circuit to amplify or otherwise process an ac signal, the signal source must be connected to the circuit input. If the source is directly…
