Recursive and Non Recursive Realisation: In recursive realisations, the present output value depends on the input (past and present values), as well as the previous value of the output. It can usually be recognized by…
Photo Optical Modulator: Photo Optical Modulator - The principle of an optical dc chopper is illustrated in Fig. 14.42. Devices of this type have been used widely in infrared signal detectors, whose output is a…
Solid State Modulator/Demodulator Circuit: A solid state modulator/demodulator circuit is shown in Fig. 14.41. The transÂformer T is driven by an ac source and couples each secondary connected to the two transistor pairs, Q1 -…
Reluctance Pulse Pick up Transducer: This Reluctance Pulse Pick up Transducer is very suitable for the measurement of shaft speed and liquid flow. It is based on the principle that if the field of any…
Frequency Generating Transducer: Frequency Generating Transducer - Unlike variable parameter analog transducers, frequency and pulse generating transducers measure physical variables in terms of a pulse repetition rate. Since frequency is an analog quantity, these can…
Platinum Thin Film RTD Sensors: Platinum Thin Film RTD Sensors are manufactured by a very thin layer of platinum in suitable pattern to achieve smaller dimension and higher resistance, on a ceramic base. The deposition…
Phototransistor Construction and Working Principle: The sensitivity of a photo diode can be increased by as much as 100 times by adding a junction, resulting in an NPN device. A simple representation of the Phototransistor…
Photovoltaic Cell Working Principle and Types of Photovoltaic Cells: The Photovoltaic Cell Working Principle or solar cell, produces an electrical current when connected to a load. Both silicon (Si) and selenium (Se) types are known…
Resonance Bridge for Measurement of Inductance or Capacitance: One arm of this Resonance Bridge, shown in Fig. 11.29, consists of a series resonance circuit. The series resonance circuit is formed by Rd, Cd and Ld…
AC Wheatstone Bridge: Impedances at AF or RF are commonly determined by means of an ac Wheatstone bridge. The diagram of an ac bridge is given in Fig. 11.17. This bridge is similar to a…
