Principles of Communication Systems: In a broad sense, the term Principles of Communication Systems refers to the sending, receiving and processing of information by electronic means. Communications started with wire telegraphy in the eighteen forties,…
Post Breakdown Phenomena in Gases: This is the Post Breakdown Phenomena in Gases which occurs after the actual breakdown has taken place and is of technical importance. Glow and arc discharges are the Post Breakdown…
Four Quadrants Converters: Four Quadrants Converters - The converters described in the previous sections are suitable either for one quadrant or two quadrant operation. In the former case stepless speed control is possible by changing…
Pin Diagram of Pentium Processor: The Pentium's memory and I/O interfaces are more advanced than the simple models. They are very different from the 8086 bus interfaces. Figure 12.28(a) shows the Pentium processor and the…
Margin Angle Control of Synchronous Motors: The commutation Margin Angle Control of Synchronous Motors is defined as the angle measured from the end of commutation to the crossing of the phase voltage which was under…
Directional Static Overcurrent Relay: For obvious reasons of obtaining selectivity overcurrent relays are made directional. Directional static overcurrent relay senses direction of power flow by means of phase angle between V and I. When the…
Ideal Transformer on Load: In order to visualize the effect of flow of secondary current in a transformer, certain idealizing assumptions will be made which are close approximations for a practical transformer. A transformer possessing…
Brown Boveri Regulator: In this type of Brown Boveri Regulator, exciter field rheostat is varied continuously or in small steps instead of being first completely cut in and then completely cut out as in Tirril…
Incidence Matrix (A): The incidence of elements to nodes in a connected graph is shown by the element node incidence matrix (A). Arrows indicated in the branches of a graph result in an oriented or…
Continuous Wave Gas Laser: The first Continuous Wave Gas Laser, in 1961, was a gas laser using a mixture of helium and neon gases. These are still used, and a simplified He-Ne laser is shown…
