Discrete Time Control System: The Discrete Time Control System is described by a set of linear differential equations where x, u, p are state, control and disturbance vectors respectively and A,B and Γ are constant…
What is Crystalline Structure? What is Crystalline Structure? - Solids are characterized by incompressibility, rigidity and mechanical strength. This indicates that the molecules, atoms or ions that make up a solid are closely packed, i.e.,…
Parallel Plate Capacitor in IC Fabrication: The Parallel Plate Capacitor in IC Fabrication structures are as shown in the Fig. 1.24. In most widely used parallel plate capacitor type shown in Fig. 1.24 (a), the…
Phototransistor Construction and Working Principle: The sensitivity of a photo diode can be increased by as much as 100 times by adding a junction, resulting in an NPN device. A simple representation of the Phototransistor…
Monostable Multivibrator - Operation, Types and Application: Monostable multivibrator is a two-stage amplifier with two states—one stable state and another quasi-stable state. The circuit has two transistors Q1 and Q2, one being in the offstate,…
FFT Spectrum Analyzer Using a Waveform Processing Software(SS-36): FFT Spectrum Analyzer - The Waveform Processing Software (SS-36) enables one to analyze waveforms very easily. The waveform is captured on a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) and is…
Transistor Clipper Circuit and Waveforms: Transistor Clipper Circuit - The transistor has two pronounced nonlinearities—one occurs when the transistor passes from cutin region to the active region and the second occurs when it passes from…
What is Waveshaping? - Types Waveshaping is a part of signal processing where the signal waveform has to be properly shaped before amplification. It may be defined as a process of generating new waveforms from…
Introduction to Symmetrical Fault in Power System: Introduction to Symmetrical Fault in Power System devoted to abnormal system behavior under conditions of symmetrical short circuit (symmetrical three-phase fault). Such conditions are caused in the system…
Data Acquisition System: A typical Data Acquisition System consists of individual sensors with the necessary signal conditioning, data conversion, data processing, multiplexing, data handling and associated transmission, storage and display systems. In order to optimise…
