Generator Inter Turn Fault Protection: Merz-Price circulating current protection system does not provide protection against turn-to-turn faults (short circuits between the turns) on the same phase winding of the stator because the current produced by…
Gate Turn Off Thyristor (GTO) - Symbol, Operations and Applications: Conventional thyristors are used as ideal switches in power electronic applications. They have the capability of blocking several thousand volts in the off-state and conducting…
DC Machine Applications: Whenever the application of any machine is considered, its operating characteristics along with its economic and technical viability as compared to its competitors are the essential criteria. For a DC Machine Applications,…
Types of Facts Controllers in Power System: The development of FACTS controllers has followed two different approaches. The first approach employs reactive impedances or a tap changing transformer with thyristor switches as controlled elements, the…
Measuring the Sine Wave: As the magnitude of the waveform is not constant, the Measuring the Sine Wave can be in different ways. These are instantaneous, peak, peak to peak, root mean square (rms) and…
Interference of Electromagnetic Waves: Interference of Electromagnetic Waves occurs when two waves that left one source and travelled by different paths arrive at a point. This happens very often in high-frequency sky-wave propagation and in…
Single Phase Directional Relay: Single Phase Directional Relay - The general Eq. (4.8) suggests that for directional control the individual torques, viz. K |A|2 and K′ |B|2 should be eliminated. Considering a voltage current directional relay the…
Specification from Bode Plot: The important Specification from Bode Plot are, Gain cross-over frequency (ωgc) Phase cross-over frequency (ωpc) Gain margin (G.M.) Phase margin (P.M.) Gain Cross-over Frequency (ωgc): The frequency at which the magnitude…
Data Transmission: A data transmission system can be described simply in terms of three components, the transmitter (also called the source), the transmission path (usually referred to as the channel, but sometimes as the line),…
Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis - First and Second Law: The laws governing the electrolytic processes were formulated by Michael Faraday, an English Scientist, and are known as Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis. These may be stated…