Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Clock Generator 8284A: During fetch and execute instructions, the 8086 and 8088 processors require clock pulse which has about 10 ns rise and fall times. The logic 0 level of the clock is 0.5 V to 0.6 V, logic-1 level is about 3.9 V to 5 V and the clock duty cycle is about 33%. […]

Demultiplexing of Address and Data Bus in 8086 and 8088 Microprocessors: Demultiplexing of Address and Data Bus in 8086 and 8088 Microprocessors which consists of three buses: address, data and control buses. The address/data buses are operated in time-multiplexed mode. The address bus is required to locate memory and I/O devices for data transfer through

Timing Diagram of the 8088 Microprocessor: Each bus cycle of the 8088 processor consists of four T states: T1, T2, T3 and T4. During the first clock cycle T1, ALE signal is high and A19/S6-A16/S3 are used as A19-A16 address buses, AD7-AD0 can be used as A7-A0 address buses. Hence, the leading edge of ALE is used to

Internal Architecture of 8088 Microprocessor: Figure 5.24 shows the Internal Architecture of 8088 Microprocessor. The set of registers of 8088 is approximately same as that of 8086. The architecture of 8088 is same as 8086 architecture, but there are two changes. The 8088 has a 4-byte instruction queue in place of 6-byte instruction queue in

What is Modular Programming?: What is Modular Programming? – Generally, industry-programming projects consist of thousands of lines of instructions or operation code. Such huge monolithic programs would be unmanageable and incomprehensible. Therefore, it is difficult to design, write, debug, and test such a project. Hence, the complete project is divided into sub-problems or small modules.

Time Delay Loop in Microprocessor: Microprocessors perform different operations in sequence and one operation at a time. To complete an opera­tion, some time is required. When some time delay is required between two operations, a Time Delay Loop in Microprocessor is used to provide it. Time delay can be generated using a register or a

What is Subroutine in Microprocessor?: Some operations/functions are repeatedly performed in a main program like multiplication, division, and time delay between two operations, etc., Groups of instructions are written to perform these operations and these groups of instructions are known as Subroutine in Microprocessor, which are called by the main program whenever required. When a

What is Stack in Assembly Language? The Stack in Assembly Language is a group of memory locations in Read/Write (R/W) memory of any microcomputer and is used to store the contents of the register, operand and memory address. The starting location of the Stack in Assembly Language is defined by loading a 16-bit address into

What is High Level Language in Microprocessor?: The demerits of assembly languages are overcome by using high-level languages. High-level languages can improve the readability by using English words which make it easier to understand the code and to sort out any faults in the program. In addition, the high-level languages relieve the programmer of any

What is Assembly Language Programming?: To overcome the limitations of machine languages, assembly language was developed. In this language, machine-level instructions are replaced by mnemonics. For example, ADD represents addition, SUB rep­resents subtraction, INC for increment, RAL for rotate left, and CMP for compare. These instructions are known as mnemonics. A program written in mnemonics