Signal Conditioning

Differential Instrumentation Amplifier Transducer Bridge: Figure 14.25 shows a simplified circuit of a Differential Instrumentation Amplifier Transducer Bridge. In this circuit a resistive transducer (whose resistance changes as a function of some physical energy) is connected to one arm of the bridge. Let RT be the resistance of the transducer and ΔR the change in […]

Instrumentation System Block Diagram: Instrumentation System – The measurement and control of physical conditions is very important in many industrial and consumer applications. For example, the operator may make necessary adjustments in the measurement of temperature or humidity inside a dairy or meat plant to maintain the product quality, or to produce a particular type

Instrumentation Amplifier Circuit: The schematic diagram of an Instrumentation Amplifier Circuit constructed with dc opamps and consisting of general features is shown in Fig. 14.23 (a). Many of the input specifications of the opamps employed directly determine the input specification of the Instrumentation Amplifier. An analysis of the circuit of Fig. 14.23 (a) gives the

Op Amp Comparator Circuit: Op Amp Comparator Circuit – In the opamp applications discussed so far, the amplifiers use negative feedback. Under normal conditions, when negative feedback is used in such a circuit, the amplifier output voltage takes on values between the positive and negative saturation limits. The amplifier has a high gain and negative

Summing Amplifier Circuit Diagram: Figure 14.17 shows an Summing Amplifier circuit diagram in inverting configuration with three inputs Va, Vb, Vc. Depending on the relation between Ra, Rb, Rc and RF, the circuit can be used as a Summing amplifier, Scaling amplifier or Average amplifier. Using Kirchoff‘s circuit equation, we have la + lb + lc

Differentiator using Op Amp: A Differentiator using Op Amp circuit that performs the mathematical operation of differ­entiation. It produces an output voltage proportional to slope of the input volt­age. A common application of a differentiator is the detection of the leading and trailing edges of rectangular pulse. Figure 14.11 shows a basic CR differentiator. If

Integrator using Op Amp: An Integrator is a circuit that performs the mathematical operation of integra­tion because it produces an output voltage that is proportional to the integral of the input. The Integrator using Op Amp is shown in Fig. 14.9. A common application is to use a constant input voltage to produce a ramp

Negative Feedback Op Amp: Negative Feedback Op Amp – The Inverting Amplifier configuration is shown in Fig. 14.8. The input signal is applied to the inverting terminal. The amplified inverted output is fed back to the inverting input through the resistor RF. The signal fed back is proportional to the output voltage, feedback takes place

Closed Loop Gain of Non Inverting Amplifier: The circuit shown in Fig. 14.7 is commonly known as a Non-Inverting amplifier with feedback (or closed loop Gain Non-inverting amplifier), because it used a feedback and the input signal is applied to the non-inverting input terminal of the opamp. The closed loop gain AF = Vo/Vin From

What is an Operational Amplifier?: An Operational Amplifier is a dc amplifier having a high gain, of the order of 104 – 108. Such an amplifier can perform summing, integration, differentiation, or act as com­parator with suitable feedback networks. Hence these are known as opamps. (In such circuits the required response is obtained by the