Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter: The practical response of Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter must be very close to an ideal one. In case of low pass filter, it is always desirable that the gain rolls off very fast after the cut off frequency, in the stop band. In case of first order […]
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First Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter: The first order low pass butterworth filter is realized by R-C circuit used along with an op-amp, used in the noninverting configuration. The circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 2.74. This also called one pole low pass butterworth filter. The resistances Rf and R1 decide the gain of the
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Butterworth Polynomials: The filter in which denominator polynomial of its transfer function is a Butterworth polynomial is called a Butterworth filters. The Butterworth polynomials of various orders are given in the Tables 2.3 and 2.4. The coefficients of Butterworth polynomials are as given in the Table 2.4.
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Filters in Linear Integrated Circuits: The Filters in Linear Integrated Circuits can be represented in the time domain and frequency domain as shown in Fig. 2.73 (a) and (b). As the filter is frequency selective network, the output Vo(t) contains only some of the frequency components of Vin (t). It is convenient to analyze the filter by representing
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Frequency Response for Low Pass Filter and High Pass Filter: The Fig. 2.71 shows the Frequency Response for Low Pass Filter. A low pass filters has a constant gain from 0 Hz to a high cut-off frequency, fH. Hence, the bandwidth of this filter is also fH. The ideal characteristics is shown in Fig. 2.71
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What is Active Filters and types of active filters: Active Filters is a circuit that is designed to pass a specified band frequencies while attenuating all the signals outside that band. It is a frequency selective circuit. The filter are basically classified as active filter and passive filter. The passive filter networks use only passive elements such as resistors,
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Basic Antilog Amplifier Using Diode: The circuit diagram of basic antilog amplifier using diode is shown in the Fig. 2.70. The positions of diode and resistance are exchanged as compared to log amplifier circuit. The node A is grounded and hence node B is at virtual ground. Hence VB = 0. Now the current flowing
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Logarithmic Amplifier using Diode: The circuit diagram of basic Logarithmic Amplifier using Diode is shown in the Fig. 2.69. The diode D is used in the negative feedback path. The node A is grounded hence node B is at virtual ground. Hence VB = 0. As the op-amp input current is zero, Now If is the
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Op Amp with Diode Circuit: Consider a Op Amp with Diode Circuit as shown in the Fig. 2.68 (a) and the corresponding volt-ampere (V-I) characteristics in the Fig. 2.68 (b). The basic volt-ampere relationship for a diode by using Op amp Circuits is given as, where I = diode current Io = reverse saturation current
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Precision Full Wave Rectifier: The Precision Full Wave Rectifier circuits accept an ac signal at the input, inverts either the negative or the positive half, and delivers both the inverted and noninverted halves at the output, as shown in the Fig. 2.62. The operation of the positive full wave rectifier is expressed as and that
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