Primary Standard: Primary Standard - One arrangement is a carefully designed quartz crystal oscillator operating in the range 50 to 100 kHz, having a low temperature coefficient, constant amplitude output…
Modem Definition: The term Modem Definition is an acronym for modulator-demodulator. The primary modem function is to convert digital data into an analog form which is suitable for transmission on…
Principles of Communication Systems: In a broad sense, the term Principles of Communication Systems refers to the sending, receiving and processing of information by electronic means. Communications started with wire…
Signal Conditioning System: Signal Conditioning System - The measurand, which is basically a physical quantity, is detected by the first stage of the instrumentation or measurement system. The first stage…
Frequency Modulation Recording: When a more accurate response to dc voltages is required, an Frequency Modulation Recording system is generally used. In this FM system, the input signal is used…
Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram: Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram - The most common way of observing signals is to display them on an oscilloscope, with time as the X-axis (i.e. amplitude…
Heterodyne Wave Analyzer: Wave analyzers are useful for measurement in the audio frequency range only. For measurements in the RF range and above (MHz range), an ordinary wave analyzer cannot…
Circuit Connections for Producing a Vectrogram and Lissajous Pattern: This test instrument combines a keyed colour bar generator with an oscilloscope and is used for alignment and testing the colour…