Braking System in Train: Braking System in Train has number of advantages over mechanical braking. It reduces wear and tear on rails and wheels, substantially increasing their life. It is smooth, fast and can be precisely and automatically controlled. On the other hand, mechanical brakes require frequent maintenance, particularly when subjected to heavy duty as […]
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Driving Axle Code for Locomotives: Driving Axle Code for Locomotives – Weight of the locomotive is supported on axles which are coupled to wheels. The weight per axle is limited by the strength of the track and bridges, and usually varies between 15 and 30 tons. Total number of axles is calculated by the following
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Duty Cycle of Traction Drives: The Duty Cycle of Traction Drives in trains is explained with the help of speed-, torque- and power-time diagrams (Fig. 10.6) which are drawn for travel between two consecutive stations on a levelled track. The train is accelerated at the maximum permissible torque, giving constant maximum acceleration. The power increases
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Coefficient of Adhesion in Traction: In Coefficient of Adhesion in Traction, the task of driving equipment consists of pushing the carriage on which it is mounted and pulling coaches and wagons behind it. Wheels coupled to the motors, either directly or through a reduction gear, are known as driving wheels. When motors run, driving wheels
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Nature of Traction Load: Nature of Traction Load describes as when the train runs at a constant velocity on level track, a number of frictional forces oppose its motion. The friction at bearings, guides etc. is classified as Internal Friction. The rolling friction between wheels and rails, and friction between wheel-flanges and rails is termed
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Electric Traction Services: Electric Traction Services can be broadly classified as: Electric Trains. Electric buses, trams (or tramways) and trolleys. Battery driven and solar powered vehicles. Electric Trains: Electric trains run on fixed rails. They are further classified as Main Line Trains and Suburban Trains. Main Line Trains: Intercity passenger and goods trains which come
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Battery Powered Vehicles: Battery Powered Vehicles – These are popularly known as electric vehicles. Although several batteries and fuel cells have been developed, only available at affordable price is the lead acid battery. Therefore, electric vehicles are generally powered by lead acid batteries. Series and separately excited dc motors, permanent magnet dc motor, brushless dc
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Solar Powered Pump Drives: Solar Powered Pump Drives: Centrifugal and reciprocating. Their speed-torque characteristics are shown in Fig. 9.3. Centrifugal pump requires only a small torque to start whereas reciprocating pump owing to stiction may require as much as three times the rated torque. In centrifugal pump the output power is proportional to the cube
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Solar Panels or Photovoltaic Cells: A Solar Panels or Photovoltaic Cells converts sunlight into electricity. Single crystal, polycrystal and amorphous silicon cells have been employed. The open circuit voltage is about 0.5 V for mono-and polycrystal solar cells and 0.8 V for amorphous cells. Each cell can carry a current between 2 and 3 A.
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Switched Reluctance Motor: The switched reluctance motor (SRM) has both salient pole stator and rotor, like variable stepper motor, but they are designed for different applications, and therefore, with different performance requirements. A stepper motor is designed to make it suitable for open loop position and speed control in low power applications, where efficiency is
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