Electronic Instrumentation

Pulse Width Modulation(PWM): Pulse width modulation of PTM is also often called Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM). In this system, shown in Fig. 18.8, we have a fixed amplitude and starting time of each pulse, but the width of each pulse is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal at that instant. In Fig. 18.8, […]

Pulse Time Modulation(PTM): In Pulse Time Modulation the signal is sampled in the same way as in PAM, but the pulses indicating instantaneous sample amplitudes have a constant amplitude themselves. However, one of their timing characteristics is varied, being directly proportional to the sampled signal amplitude at that instant. The variable characteristics may be width,

Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM): Pulse Amplitude Modulation(PAM) is the simplest form of Pulse Modulation. It is shown in Fig. 18.7. PAM is a pulse modulation system in which the signal is sampled at regular intervals, with each sample proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling. The pulses are then sent either

Pulse Modulation: Pulse modulation may be used to transmit analog information, such as continuous speech or data. It is a system in which continuous waveforms are sampled at regular intervals. Information regarding the signal is transmitted only at the sampling times, together with any synchronising pulses that may be required. At the receiving end, the

Time Division Multiplexing(TDM): Time Division Multiplexing – Any pulse modulation scheme involves translating the audio, or modulating signal into a series of encoded pulses, sending these pulses over a transmission medium and reverting the pulses back to an analog signal. Regardless of the encoding used, a PAM signal is always obtained initially. The audio signal

Digital Communication System: Digital Communication System has several distinct advantages over analog transmission systems, but there are definite disadvantages to it as well. Because of the heavy investment in analog facilities, it will be many years before digital becomes the major technique in communication system. In fact, if it were not for the many analog

Data Transmission System: A typical data transmission system contains the information source from which data has to be transmitted through a suitable medium to the destination, termed the information sink. The information source can be a computer terminal, a digitized transducer output, or any other device generating a stream of bits at the rate of

Data Transmission: A data transmission system can be described simply in terms of three components, the transmitter (also called the source), the transmission path (usually referred to as the channel, but sometimes as the line), and the receiver (usually called the sink). It is easier to think of a data transmission system between points A