Protection of Busbars and Lines:

Busbar Protection : Busbars and lines are important elements of electric power system and require the immediate attention of protection engineers for safeguards against the possible faults occurring on them. The methods used for the protection of generators and transformers can also be employed, with slight modifications, for the busbars and lines. The modifications are necessary to cope with the protection problems wising out of greater length of lines and a large number of circuits connected to a Busbar Protection. Although differential protection can be used it becomes too expensive for longer lines due to the greater length of pilot wires required. …


Differential Pilot Wire Protection : The Differential Pilot Wire Protection is based on the principle that under normal conditions, the current entering one end of a line is equal to that leaving the other end. As soon as a fault occurs between the two ends, this condition no longer holds and the difference of incoming and outgoing currents is arranged to flow through a relay which operates the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty line. There are several Differential Pilot Wire Protection schemes in use for the lines. However, only the following two schemes will be discussed Merz-Price voltage balance system Translay scheme 1. Men-Price …


Distance Protection : Both time-graded and pilot-wire system are not suitable for the protection of very long high voltage transmission lines. The former gives an unduly long time delay in fault clearance at the generating station end when there are more than four or five sections and the pilot-wire system becomes too expensive owing to the greater length of pilot wires required. This has led to the development of Distance Protection in which the action of relay depends upon the distance (or impedance) between the point where the relay is installed and the point of fault. This system provides discrimination protection without …


Time Graded Overcurrent Protection : In this scheme of Time Graded Overcurrent Protection, time discrimination is incorporated. In other words, the time setting of relays is so graded that in the event of fault, the smallest possible part of the system is isolated. We shall discuss a few important cases. 1. Radial feeder: The main characteristic of a radial system is that power can flow only in one direction, from generator or supply end to the load. It has the disadvantage that continuity of supply cannot be maintained at the receiving end in the event of fault. Time Graded Overcurrent Protection protection of …


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