Operational Amplifier Frequency Response:

Circuit Stability Precautions : Power Supply Decoupling – Feedback along supply lines is another source of op-amp circuit instability. This can be minimized by connecting 0.01 μF high-frequency capacitors from each supply terminal to ground (see Fig. 15-23). The capacitors must be connected as close as possible to the IC terminals. Sometimes larger values capacitors are required. Circuit Stability Precautions: The following precautions should be observed for circuit Stability: 1. Where low-frequency performance …


Frequency Compensation Methods : Phase-Lag and Phase-Lead Compensation – Lag compensation and lead compensation are two Frequency Compensation Methods often employed to stabilize op-amp circuits. The phase-lag network in Fig. 15-7(a) introduces additional phase lag at some low frequency where the op-amp phase shift is still so small that additional phase lag has no effect. It can be shown that at frequencies where XC1 ≫ R2, the voltage v2 lags v1 …


Load Capacitance Effect : Capacitance connected at the output of an operational amplifier is termed Load Capacitance Effect (CL). Figure 15-20 shows that CL is in series with the op-amp output resistance (ro), so CL and ro constitute a phase-lag circuit in the feedback network. As in the case of stray capacitance, another 10° of phase lag introduced by CL and ro could cause circuit instability where the phase margin is already …


Op Amp Circuit Bandwidth and Slew Rate Test : Low Cutoff Frequency – Op Amp Circuit Bandwidth and Slew Rate Test are direct-coupled internally, so where they are employed in direct-coupled applications, the circuit lower cutoff frequency (f1) is zero. In capacitor-coupled circuits, the lower cutoff frequency is determined by the selection of coupling capacitors. The circuit high cutoff frequency (f2) is, of course, dependent on the frequency response of …


Operational Amplifier Circuit Stability : Loop Gain and Loop Phase Shift – Consider the inverting amplifier circuit and waveforms in Fig. 15-­1(a). The signal voltage voltage (vs) is amplified by a factor R2/R1, and phase shifted through -180°. The Operational Amplifier Circuit Stability is redrawn in Fig. 15­-1(b) to illustrate the fact that the output voltage (vo) is divided by the feedback network to produce the feedback voltage (v). For an …


Stray Capacitance Effects : Stray Capacitance Effects (Cs) at the input terminals of an operational amplifier effectively introduces an additional phase-lag network in the feedback loop, (see Fig. 15-17), thus making the op-amp circuit unstable. Stray capacitance problems can be avoided by good circuit construction techniques that keep the stray to a minimum. The effects of stray capacitance also depend upon the resistor values used in the feedback network. High resistance …


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