Estimation of Trend Analysis in Load Forecasting: Estimation of Trend Analysis in Load Forecasting – The simplest possible form of the deterministic part of y(k) is given by where y̅d represents the average or the mean value of yd(k), bk represents the `trend’ term that grows linearly with k and e(k) represents the error of modelling […]
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Types of Forecasting Methods: Types of Forecasting Methods may be divided into three broad classes. Techniques may be based on extrapolation or on correlation or on a combination of both. Techniques may be further classified as either deterministic, probabilistic or stochastic. Extrapolation Techniques: Extrapolation techniques involve fitting trend curves to basic historical data adjusted to
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What is Load Forecasting in Power System?: Load Forecasting in Power System plays an important role in power system planning, operation and control. Forecasting means estimating active load at various load buses ahead of actual load occurrence Planning and operational applications of load forecasting requires a certain ‘lead time’ also called forecasting intervals. Nature of
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Types of Facts Controllers in Power System: The development of FACTS controllers has followed two different approaches. The first approach employs reactive impedances or a tap changing transformer with thyristor switches as controlled elements, the second approach employs self-commutated static converters as controlled voltage sources. In general, Various types of facts controllers in power system
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Principle Operation of Switching Power Converters: Controllable reactive power can be generated by dc to ac switching converters which are switched in synchronism with the line voltage with which the reactive power is exchanged. A Switching Power Converters consists of an array of solid-state switches which connect the input terminals to the output terminals. It
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Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS): Flexible AC Transmission Systems – The rapid development of power electronics technology provides exciting opportunities to develop new power system equipment for better utilization of existing systems. Since 1990, a number of control devices under the term FACTS technology have been proposed and implemented. FACTS devices
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Difference Between SVC and Statcom: Difference Between SVC and Statcom may be noted that in the normal linear operating range of the V-I characteristic and functional compensation capability of the STATCOM and the SVC are similar. However, the basic operating principles of the STATCOM, which, with a converter based var generator, functions as a shunt-connected
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What is Shunt Compensation in Power System?: Shunt Compensation are connected in shunt at various system nodes (major substations) and sometimes at mid-point of lines. These serve the purposes of voltage control and load stabilization. As a result of installation of shunt compensation in the system, the nearby generators operate at near unity pf and
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What is Series Compensation in Power System?: Series Compensation – A capacitor in series with a line gives control over the effective reactance between line ends. This effective reactance is given by where Xl = line reactance XC = capacitor reactance It is easy to see that capacitor reduces the effective line reactance. This results in
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Line Compensation in Power System: Line Compensation – Ideal voltage profile for a transmission line is flat, which can only be achieved by loading the line with its surge impedance loading while this may not be achievable, the characteristics of the line can be modified by line compensators so that Ferranti effect is minimized Under
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